Bankruptcy Questions Answered

Reaffirmation Requires Written and Signed Contract Between You and Your Creditor

I have written before about the pros and cons of entering into a reaffirmation agreement with one or more of your secured creditors.  On the plus side, reaffirming a secured debt gives you a degree of certainty – you are once again in a contractual relationship with your creditor.  You know how much you are supposed to pay each month and you know the payoff balance, interest rate and terms of the agreement.

Further, you may be able to negotiate a more favorable deal when you reaffirm.  Other than cars, secured creditors are often not set up to liquidate used merchandise and since you already have possession of the property (collateral), many lenders are happy to negotiate more favorable terms with you so they can avoid the hassle of recovering and disposing of property.   This negotiation option is less true with motor vehicles, because there is an active used car market, but the negotiation option can work well when you are dealing with furniture or electronics.

Reaffirmation can also help you rebuild your credit because you are re-assuming personal liability for payments, and regular, timely payments usually will be reported as positive information to the credit bureaus.

On the other hand, when you reaffirm, you are re-obligating yourself personally to pay an installment note.  If you should default, you are fair game for all collection activities including wage garnishment.

Reaffirmation Must be in Writing, Signed by You and the Creditor and Approved by the Bankruptcy Judge

At least once or twice a month, I get an email from a frustrated individual who has received his bankruptcy discharge, and has continued to make monthly payments, but sees no mention at all about these payments on his credit report.

It is not enough that you checked the "reaffirm" box on your bankruptcy Statement of Intention.  You and your creditor have to complete a formal reaffirmation agreement.  These agreements usually consist of about 10 pages of legal speak and your attorney has to document that your budget can handle the reaffirmed payment.  Your attorney also has to sign the reaffirmation agreement and assert in writing that he thinks that reaffirmation is in your best interest.

Usually, reaffirmation agreements are prepared by the creditor or creditor's attorney.   Sometimes lenders simply will not cooperate – they may not have any objection to accepting your payment and leaving you alone regarding possession, but they may forward a reaffirmation agreement to you.

I have also seen situations where lenders fail to file the signed reaffirmation documents on time and the reaffirmation agreement does not get court approval even though the debtor and his attorney did everything they were supposed to do.

If you and your attorney confer and decide that reaffirming a particular secured debt makes sense for you and that you can afford the reaffirmed payment, you should encourage your lawyer to quickly and aggressively request a reaffirmation agreement from your creditor.  Once your case is discharged and closed, it is difficult and expensive to try to re-open a closed case solely for the purpose of reaffirming a debt.

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Authorities Halt “Unconscionable” Scam by Collection Agency

My Bankruptcy Law Network colleague Dana Wilkinson, who practices in South Carolina, reports on an unbelieveable scam perpetrated by a collection agency in Pennsylvania.   According to a press release issued by the state attorney general, the Unicredit Collection Agency created a bogus "court system" to trick consumers into paying debts.

Unicredit employees dressed like sheriff's deputy's and "served" papers resembling lawsuits on consumers

Unicredit issued fake "court notices" for hearings and depositions

Unicredit built a fake courtroom, complete with a fake judge, where debtors would be intimidated into providing access to bank accounts or surrendering car titles

The Pennsylvania attorney general has shut down Unicredit and has filed suit against the company seeking restitution for harmed consumers.

What can we learn from the Unicredit story?  First, you should always be very suspicious of anyone who threatens legal proceedings, implies that you have no right to challenge a debt or suggests that you must resolve a debt issue immediately.  Under Georgia law, at least, a lawsuit must be served by a sheriff's deputy (who has identification) or a process server.  After service you have 30 days to file a response.   No judgment will be issued any faster than 45 days after service – 30 days to file a response and 15 days to open a default by paying court costs and filing fees (which amount to less than $200).

Secondly, sheriff's deputies are not in the business of collecting debts.   Their job is to serve papers only.  If the person who looks like a deputy starts discussing the merits of the lawsuit against you, a red flag should go up.

Third, recognize that collection agents are not your friends and they are not on your side.   Do not believe anything a collection agent tells you.   When in doubt, call a bankruptcy lawyer – we will always talk to you over the phone at no charge.

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Afraid that You Could Lose Your Job if You File Bankrutpcy? The Law Says “No,” but….

Last month, my friend and colleague, Charleston bankruptcy attorney Russ Demott published an interesting article on his web site entitled "Fired for Filing Bankrutcy? No way!" This article was written by Elyria, Ohio bankruptcy lawyer Bill Balena, who notes that the Bankruptcy Code specifically forbids "employee discrimination" based on a bankruptcy filing if:

• You are, or have gone through a bankruptcy proceeding
• You are insolvent either before filing a bankruptcy or while your petition is pending;
• You have not paid a dischargeable debt

Let's take a closer look at what the Code actually says.  Pay particular attention to the different language that applies to government employers vs. private employers.

Section 525 of the Bankruptcy Code contains the following language:

As to governmental units:

[with limited exceptions] a governmental unit may not deny, revoke, suspend, or refuse to renew a license, permit, charter, franchise, or other similar grant to, condition such a grant to, discriminate with respect to such a grant against, deny employment to, terminate the employment of, or discriminate with respect to employment against, a person that is or has been a debtor under this title or a bankrupt or a debtor under the Bankruptcy Act, or another person with whom such bankrupt or debtor has been associated, solely because such bankrupt or debtor is or has been a debtor under this title or a bankrupt or debtor under the Bankruptcy Act, has been insolvent before the commencement of the case under this title, or during the case but before the debtor is granted or denied a discharge, or has not paid a debt that is dischargeable in the case under this title or that was discharged under the Bankruptcy Act.

As to private employers:

No private employer may terminate the employment of, or discriminate with respect to employment against, an individual who is or has been a debtor under this title, a debtor or bankrupt under the Bankruptcy Act, or an individual associated with such debtor or bankrupt, solely because such debtor or bankrupt—

(3) has not paid a debt that is dischargeable in a case under this title or that was discharged under the Bankruptcy Act.

As you can see, the restrictions on discrimination are not identical.

Specifically the limitation on governmental action against insolvent or bankrupt employees or job applicants includes the following prohibitions:

• deny employment to
• terminate the employment of
• discriminate with respect to employment against

By contrast the limitations on private employers against insolvent or bankruptcy employees includes the following prohibitions:

• terminate the employment of
• discriminate with respect to employment against

Now I have not litigated this issue – but I think that a private employer could make a strong argument that the Bankruptcy Code does not forbid denying employment to an insolvent or bankruptcy individual who is applying for a job.

Further, as Mr. Balena points out, if you are applying for a job as an "at will" employee, a prospective employer does not have to explain why he is not hiring you – it can be for any reason.  I can't imagine that too many employers would specifically put into writing that you are not being hired because of your credit issues.

In my view, within the context of private employment, Section 525 protections have much more relevance to an employee who already has a job as opposed to a job applicant.  Further, I think that Section 525 is somewhat of a toothless tiger in that few employers would specifically identify a bankruptcy as the sole reason for termination (note the language "solely because").

As a practical matter, I cannot recall the last time I observed or even heard of a bankruptcy debtor facing termination or a refusal to hire because of a bankruptcy filing.  The sheer numbers of bankruptcy filings in the Northern District of Georgia, for example, are such that almost every company of any size has had one or more employees go through the bankruptcy process.  Still, I counsel my clients that Section 525 offers very little in the way of real protection and that there is some risk, even if it is small, that their bankruptcy filing could have a negative impact on employment.

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Divorce and Bankruptcy – an Unhealthy Relationship

There are many reasons that bankruptcy filing rates are so high.   Clearly an unexpected job loss or reduction in earnings can lead many honest, hardworking people into a bankruptcy lawyer's office.  When a job loss is coupled with a divorce, I think that the likelihood of bankruptcy by husband or wife goes up exponentially.

I recently read a column written by attorney John Mayoue, a divorce lawyer here in Atlanta who is known for his representation of celebrities and other high profile clients.   John notes that in the domestic relations legal community, Atlanta is known as the "divorce belt."  In the bankruptcy lawyer community, Atlanta is known for having one of the highest bankruptcy filing rates per capita.  I do not think that this is a coincidence.

Just as an ethical bankruptcy lawyer will advise you to search for alternatives to Chapter 7 or Chapter 13, a thoughtful family law attorney will advise you to search for alternatives to divorce.  Bankruptcy or divorce may be inevitable, but when you seek legal counsel, look for a lawyer who does not offer "one size fits all" solutions and recommends alternatives – this would be a good sign that you are talking with a lawyer who has your best interests at heart.

John was gracious enough to give me permission to reprint his thoughtful article about why couples struggling in their marriages ought to consider alternatives to divorce.  I recommend that you take his message to heart.

Divorce Lawyer John Mayoue Offers Advice to Couples Contemplating Divorce

The divorce rates in the United States are some of the highest in the world. Increased financial pressure brought on by the current economy is fueling the fire for marriages already in jeopardy, and the rapidly increasing number of homeforeclosures further demonstrates the severe consequences these pressures can produce.

According to Atlanta, Georgia based divorce attorney John C. Mayoue, who has been counseling couples through divorce cases for more than thirty years, the approaching holiday season will cause these numbers to spike further and will also be a busy time for lawyers specializing in divorce cases, as the holiday season often proves to be a breaking point for marriages in crisis.

“During the holidays, people’s pent-up thoughts about relationships and careers and where they are with life become intensified,” Mayoue says. “In December, for example, we have the highest number of suicides, divorce filings and bankruptcies of any month. It's just a very difficult time for people.”

Although our society makes divorce seem to be an easy and acceptable way out for couples who aren’t quite happy in their situation, Mayoue cautions couples not to be too hasty to start the divorce process. Divorces that make it to trial are painful and embarrassing, and the results are often not fair for both parties involved. If you are considering divorce, Mayoue suggest taking the following steps first.

1. Try to work out your differences

Ask yourself why you want a divorce. Are you just responding to life’s pressures? Are you looking for a way out of a stressful situation and not just your marriage? Or do you have legitimate concerns that are truly irreconcilable?

Ask yourself if this is your only option. Have you made every effort to communicate with your spouse and work things out together? Have you tried counseling or outside help?

More importantly, consider all of the consequences of divorce. Are there children involved? How will this affect them? Would the divorce be the best solution for everyone in the family or only the adults involved? Will the family be financially ruined by the process in the forms of home foreclosure, credit crises or worse?

Before you drag your family through a process that can make existing rifts even deeper and harder to overcome, make sure that you really want to go through with this life changing and emotionally taxing process.

2. If you can’t find a resolution, try to settle out of court

If at all possible, try to settle your case outside of court with the help of your attorneys. When you do take your case to trial, you lose control over important aspects of your case to the decision of the judge or jury, depending on your state. This can lead to painful custody rulings, alimony or settlement decisions and more.

Even if you feel like you are right in your claims, in a courtroom, your case is only as solid as the evidence you can produce. Judges tend to have biases and not all states will send divorce cases to a jury trial. Truth may not always win out, and oftentimes these proceedings become incredibly painful and embarrassing.

“I am always going to make every reasonable effort to get a case settled first,” Mayoue says, “because settlement is something that the parties can control. They can basically control things such as custody, visitation and the allocation of assets and debts. And the courtroom is a risky environment for anyone.”

3. Educate yourself before going to trial

Before you do anything, make sure to get educated. Use your attorney’s knowledge to understand the proceedings, possible outcomes and unexpected or painful events that you need to be prepared for.

“Divorce is hell for the vast majority of people,” Mayoue says. “People get angry, people get lost in the process of the courts and they lose everything. This can be avoided if they are calm and are educated about the process.”

Mayoue’s law practice is based in Atlanta, in the heart of the new “divorce belt,” a name which the South has recently earned by having the highest divorce rates in the country. Given the environment in which he operates, he says that his goals as a divorce attorney are to educate people about their options and the process and to help people who have thoroughly thought through their options and have decided divorce is the only answer for them.

“I really do think that we lawyers have an obligation to educate the public,” Mayoue says, “and it seems to me to be not very good consumerism to walk into a lawyer's office knowing absolutely nothing, before paying someone several hundred dollars. I've always found it peculiar that people do not get educated in a legal matter that affects 50-plus percent of all people who get married. Yet if you had an illness, you would certainly read up about it, if you had a business you were interested in getting involved in, you would certainly read about it.”

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Bankruptcy Attorney: Questions To Ask

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5 Bankruptcy Questions To Ask Your Attorney Before Filing

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